Current problems with harm reduction and future direction

Current problems with harm reduction and future direction Any individual hoping to investigate what the problems and limitations of harm reduction are as it stands now and the direction it should go in, must be aware of the development of harm reduction as a solution to drug use. The individual will also need to further investigate the benefits and advantages of harm reduction. Five areas are particularly important when examining what the problems and limitations of harm reduction are. How harm reduction is defined and how it has developed over the past twenty-five years, the importance of harm reduction in relation to drugs and addiction, what the problems and limitations associated with harm reduction are, what the benefits and advantages associated with harm reduction are and what future direction harm reduction should go in. Each of these areas all need to be understood, with the awareness that the advantages of harm reduction far outweigh the disadvantages, allowing it to remain the one of the most important solutions for dealing with drug use and drug users. Of critical importance when examining what the problems and limitations of harm reduction are as it stands now and the direction it should go in, is to have some understanding of how harm reduction is defined and how it has developed over the past twenty-five years. Although very similar to one another, harm reduction and harm minimisation must be separated, with harm minimisation referring to Australias National Drug Strategy which includes supply reduction, demand reduction and harm reduction and harm reduction referring to programs designed to reduce harm (Australian National Council on Drugs 2004: 2). The term harm reduction itself can be defined as those policies and programs which seek to reduce or minimise the adverse health and social consequences of drug use without requiring an individual to discontinue drug use (Inciardi Harrison 1999: 3). By defining harm reduction in this way, it is able to recognise that many drug users are unwilling or unable to refrain from drug use and that there is a need to provide them with options which reduce the harms of continued use including overdose and the spread of disease (Inciardi Harrison 1999: 6). Not only does harm reduction aim at reducing the risks and harms associated with drug use it is also formulated around three central principles which have been proposed and developed by drug expert, Robert Westermeyer (Hanson et al. 2006: 534). The first is that excessive behaviours occur along a continuum of risk, in which moderate drug use has a lower risk of harm than that of extreme drug use (Hanson et al. 2006: 534). The second principal is that changing addictive behaviour is a stepwise process, complete abstinence being the final step, where in any move away from harms of drug use is a positive one (Hanson et al. 2006: 534). The final principal is that of sobriety simply isnt for everybody, which relates to the fact that some individuals are unable to cope with whatever circumstances they are in without drug use and that unfortunately drug use is a fact of life for some (Hanson et al. 2006: 534). Over the past twenty-five years, harm reduction has risen in prominence to become one of the central aspects of many drug policies and programs not only in Australia but around the world (Moore Fraser 2006: 3036). In the case of Australia harm reduction has been incorporated into the principles of harm minimisation which have been the framework for Australias National Drug Strategy since 1985 (Waller Rumball 2004: 40). Further adding to the rise in harm reductions popularity is acknowledgement that drug use and abuse is and has become a public health issue rather than a legal issue which can be solved with sanctions and prison (Inciardi Harrison 1999: 9). Not only has harm minimisation changed the way in which Australia deals with drug use and users but it has also changed many of societys attitudes and stereotypes about drug users (The Drug Prevention Network 2010). Rather society now thinks about the drug user in relationship to both the environment and circumstances in which they are using drugs and how best to reduce the harms of this drug use (The Drug Prevention Network 2010). Having gained an understanding of how harm reduction is defined and how it has developed over the past twenty- five years, the importance of harm reduction in relation to drugs and addiction can now be examined. It is also of crucial importance when examining what the problems and limitations of harm reduction are as it stands now and the direction it should go in, is to have some understanding of the importance of harm reduction in relation to drugs and addiction. The term drug itself has been best defined as being any substance which when entered or absorbed into the body may modify, alter and change one or more of its normal physical or mental functions (Cornwell Cornwell 1993: 7). The benefits of employing such a broad definition in relation to harm reduction, is that it incorporates any substances which are considered to be drugs but it also includes those which are not normally thought of as being drugs, such as food or sex as drugs, which are often perceived and understood differently within society but may also cause harm to the individual (Cornwell Cornwell 1993: 7). As the term addiction itself is rather ambiguous and difficult to define, alternate terms have often been adopted in place of or associated with addiction particularly that of drug or substance dependence which often serves to be most useful, especially in relation to harm reduction, as harm reduction may not completely eliminate the dependence (Marlatt 2002: 200). The term drug dependence has been defined as, the continual or persistent use of alcohol or other such drugs regardless of the problems related to the use of the drug, the uncontrollable and repetitive use of the drug may also result in a build up of tolerance to its effect as well as withdrawal symptoms when its use is reduced or stopped (American Psychiatric Association 2000: 192). Drug dependence can also be further expanded to incorporate the persistent desire that an individual may have to use a drug in large amounts or over extended periods, irrespective of its harmful effects (American Psychiatric Association 2000: 194). The importance of harm reduction in relation to drugs and addiction is further highlighted by the use of harm reduction methods and strategies on individuals who have become addicted to a drug (DiClemente 2006: 231). Harm reduction aims at reducing and preventing the harms of addictive drug use rather than stopping the addiction itself, although efforts to help the addict practise safer or decreased drug use may often lead to a complete abstinence from the drug (DiClemente 2006: 232). Although harm reduction methods can be controversial, they are often very effective, particularly in decreasing the spread several diseases often associated with drug use and addiction including HIV and hepatitis C (DiClemente 2006: 232). With a deeper understanding of the importance of harm reduction in relation to drugs and addiction, it can now be understood what the problems and limitations associated with harm reduction are. Furthermore it is of crucial importance when examining what the problems and limitations of harm reduction are as it stands now and the direction it should go in, is to have some understanding of what the problems and limitations associated with harm reduction are. There are several problems and limitations that are often associated with harm reduction, with the first of these being that harms are identified according to dominant middle class values (Miller 2001: 175). As harms are established according to these dominant values, they often do not take into account the values of those at greatest risk from harm, choosing rather to construct harm reduction strategies based upon the dominant values of society (Miller 2001: 176). Furthermore these same strategies are also based on cost efficiency, with economically beneficial strategies often being favoured over health or community beneficial ones (Miller 2001: 175). The next problem which will be examined is that, harm reduction often condones or encourages drug use even though it is attempting to reduce the risks (Abadinsky 2008: 417). As the main aim of harm reduction is to reduce the risks and not the use of drugs, messages may often be conveyed which condone the use of harmful drugs (Dale 2005). This criticism is particularly prevalent within school education as excessive education about the risks associated with drug use may instead create an aura of intrigue around the subject, which often appeals to a childs curiosity (Abadinsky 2008: 417). The third problem associated with harm reduction which will be examined is that, needle exchange schemes facilitate and make the transition to intravenous drug use easier and more appealing (Ghodse 2008: 264). These schemes actively provide drug users with easy access to injecting equipment, which makes the transition to injecting easier, which gives users less incentive to give up injecting and may al so persuade younger drug users to start injecting (Ghodse 2008: 265). The establishment of needle exchange facilities also create safe meeting spots for intravenous drug users, which strengthens both the social networks of users as well as the prevalence of intravenous drug use (Ghodse 2008: 265). The last problem associated with harm reduction which will be examined is that, harm minimisation fails to address the underlying reasons for drugs current legal status (Miller 2001: 173). As harm minimisation focuses on supply reduction, demand reduction and harm reduction it fails to examine the status of different drugs, choosing to rather label distinctions between them as irrelevant and unnecessary (Miller 2001: 173). Furthermore harm minimisation also fails to address the reasoning behind the massive profits which drug companies reap through the sale of drug substitutes particularly that of methadone, which indicates that the government also benefits financially from the sale of these substitutes (Miller 2001: 173). With a deeper understanding of what the problems and limitations associated with harm reduction are, it can now be understood what the benefits and advantages associated with harm reduction are. Equally, it is crucial when examining what the problems and limitations of harm reduction are as it stands now and the direction it should go in, is to have some understanding of what the benefits and advantages associated with harm reduction are. Just as there are several problems associated with harm reduction, there are also many benefits and advantages which are associated with it too, with the first of these being that harm reduction maintains a value-neutral standpoint (Keane 2003: 228). As harm reduction acknowledges that there is no ultimate solution to drug problems, pragmatic and rational strategies and solutions can be constructed and assessed through the objective calculation of consequences (Keane 2003: 228). Further adding to the value-neutrality of harm reduction is its refusal to support or oppose any view about drug use and drug users, except to the extent that its aims are based around reducing the harms of drug use (Keane 2003: 228). The next benefit which will be examined is that, needle exchange schemes are becoming more and more successful and widespread within society (Ghodse 2010: 264). Following the establishment of needle exchange schemes, their main aim is at keeping injecting drug users from sharing needles and transmitting blood bore diseases particularly that of HIV and hepatitis C (AVERT 2010). By providing injecting drug users with access to sterile equipment, they are also given access to drug treatment services (AVERT 2010). Since the implementation of needle exchange schemes within Australia, studies have found that needle sharing has decreased dramatically, with 32,000 HIV and around 100,000 hepatitis C infections being prevented in the last decade (AVERT 2010). The third benefit which will be examined is that, harm reduction is extremely cost beneficial (Petersen McBride 2002: 126). These cost benefits are particularly evidenced in relation to needle exchange schemes, as it is much cheaper and easier to implement these schemes than it is to treat people who have contracted HIV and hepatitis C (Petersen McBride 2002: 126). Harm reduction strategies also demonstrate their cost benefits through the ease in which these strategies have been adopted and implemented into the National Drug Strategy since 1985 (Inciardi Harrison 1999: 181). The last benefit associated with harm reduction which will be examined is that, education about the risks of drug use has profound and long term benefits particularly amongst children (Abadinsky 2008: 270). Education often occurs in several forms with many of these having no effect or harmful effects in the uptake of drugs, it is often education which teaches about the risks associated with drug use that have the greatest and most beneficial effect (Abadinsky 2008: 270). By educating and providing information to children about the risks of drug use, particularly those of potential health consequences, negative attitudes often develop towards drug use which deter them from using drugs (Abadinsky 2008: 270). With a deeper understanding of what the benefits and advantages associated with harm reduction are, it can now be understood what future direction harm reduction should go in. It is also of crucial importance when examining what the problems and limitations of harm reduction are as it stands now and the direction it should go in, is to have some understanding of what future direction harm reduction should go in. Although harm reduction has its problems and limitations, they are far outweighed by its benefits and advantages. In order for harm reduction to gain further strength and support it must continue in the same direction as it has been over the past twenty-five years, with an emphasis being placed upon retaining its value-neutrality where in does not support or oppose any one particular belief about drug use (Keane 2003: 228). Furthermore, in order for harm reduction remain as effective as it is, its main aim and priority must remain that of reducing the risks and consequences associated with drug use and the effect it may have on the individual and others within society (DiClemente 2006: 232). Although harm reduction must continue in the same direction, it must also gain improvement in several key areas particularly that of education about risks as well as the greater promotion of needle exchange schemes. Current education policies which aim at providing children with information and knowledge about the risks associated with drug use, often carry with them certain aspects of intrigue which appeal to a childs curiosity (Abadinsky 2008: 274). In order to improve and place a greater emphasis on education, campaigns such as just say no must be eliminated with an enhanced focus being placed upon imagery and documentaries which highlight the risks of drug use (Abadinsky 2008: 274). It is only by using imagery and presenting stories about these risks which have been experienced firsthand by many individuals, that education about the risks of drug use will improve and remove drug curiosity (Abadinsky 2008: 417). As effective as needle exchange schemes are, there is still much room for improvement, particularly in relation to the number and accessibility of these locations. The greatest downfall which faces needle exchange schemes is that they are not widely accessible throughout Australia, either because they have yet to be constructed or are unable to provide a suitable health services to injecting drug users (Hagan 2010). Government studies are also contributing to the need to increase and improve needle exchange locations, as almost 60,000 HIV and over 120,000 hepatitis C infections have been prevented over the past twenty years, which has also led to healthcare cost savings of over $1 billion (AVERT 2010). It is only by increasing and improving these facilities that the future spread of blood bore diseases will be reduced even further, as a direct result of implementing harm reduction strategies (AVERT 2010). With an understanding of what future direction harm reduction should go in, ind ividuals must remain aware that harm reduction must remain at the forefront of combating drug problems and issues, particularly in conjunction and alignment with harm minimisation. In conclusion, there are five particular areas that an individual should examine when investigating what the problems and limitations of harm reduction are as it stands now and the direction it should go in. They should gain an understanding of how harm reduction is defined and how it has developed over the past twenty-five years, along with the importance of harm reduction in relation to drugs and addiction as well as what the problems and limitations associated with harm reduction are and what the benefits and advantages associated with harm reduction are, which will allow them to understand what future direction harm reduction should go in. It is only by gaining an understanding into these areas that an individual can hope to be successful in examining what the problems and limitations of harm reduction are as it stands now and the direction it should go in.

Superstitions speech -- essays research papers

I’m doing my speech on superstitions. Wulp wish me luck, break a leg, knock on wood. Superstitions, what are they and where did they come from? Are they true are they false or is there some sort of reasoning behind them? Or are they simply just a whole lot of mumbo jumbo. I mean †¦.. awww man (meeoow) there goes a black cat man talk about bad luck it just took off with any luck that I had, (gosh darn – click fingers well lets see if its true†¦Mrs Maslen whadda ya reckon am I gonna get an A for this or what? C’mon c’mon you can tell me. Damn you cat (shake fist meeooow). Where did that superstition come from? For heavens sake how pathetic is it! Anyways for most people these are simply old wives tales and silly misconstrued stories, happenings and events. But for others these are real, they believe every word of these. For centuries people have been fascinated by these superstitions. Superstitions have bewitched, bemused and befuddled the minds of millions, billions of innocent people. Because believing superstitions is simply showing ignorance and fear of the unknown. This is why so many people have fallen into the traps and beliefs that are superstitions, taboos. These superstitions have been deeply influential in history. You look back in history and you’ll find them 600, 700 back in time. To me superstitions are simply beliefs or practices with no rational substance to them, for instance, ok a bird, if a bird flies into the house it is a sign of death. Now in all honest...

The Hexadecimal Company

The Hexadecimal Company I. Problems A. Macro 1. Company resistance to change. 2. â€Å"Us† versus â€Å"them† view of practitioners forms company’s viewpoint. B. Micro 1. Professor/external practitioner ended too soon; did not provide direction or continuity. 2. â€Å"In-group† image perpetuated by OD group. 3. President too involved in details at beginning. 4. â€Å"Internal† consulting group was mostly outsiders and not accepted by the company at large. 5. OD group had little familiarity with nature of firm (except maybe George Kessler). 6.OD program too ostentatious and too costly for company. 7. Lack of unity in purpose and techniques within OD group. 8. Kay and Indar’s isolation from others and closeness to president had negative effects in OD group. 9. Budgeting not clarified at beginning. 10. Evaluation late – 1 year later and then almost a do or die evaluation. II. Causes 1. Group too cohesive and creates images of â€Å"in-gr oup. † 2. â€Å"Fancy† atmosphere perpetrated. 3. President too involved at first. 4. Company not prepared for OD and its needs and purposes. . OD groups consisted almost entirely of outsiders. III. Systems affected 1. Structural – changing whom the OD group reports to will only confuse purpose and goals; Blake is not prepared. 2. Psychosocial – the OD group has caused at least as much antagonism as it has good results. 3. Technical – no reference to OD group’s effectiveness. 4. Managerial – too top-down thus far. 5. Goals and values – No indication that the company including top management (other than the OD group) knew or bought-in to the OD program.It was just a management training program. IV. Alternatives 1. Keep as is. 2. Put under Blake. 3. Have professor help organize and budget for OD. V. Recommendations Alternative three with central contact person and clear budget. If size of Hexadecimal allows, make OD a separate dep artment with its own vice president. Keep reporting to president but keep him personally removed from specific decisions. Also, make reports to the executive committee and gain their support. Bring several line employees into OD.

Out of Control Interview - Case Study Essay - 2620 Words

November 13,2014 Organization and HR Management The Out-of-Control Interview (Case) Case Analysis amp; Answers By Demetris Kamberis November 13,2014 Organization and HR Management The Out-of-Control Interview (Case) Case Analysis amp; Answers By Demetris Kamberis Table of Contents Case Synopsis1 Answer To Question 1 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.2 -5 Answer To Question 2 5 Answer To Question 3†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.....5 -6 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..6 Case : The out- of- Control Interview Case Synopsis The case was focused on the interview process at Apex†¦show more content†¦In the case , ‘ The out of control Interview† the management team of Apex Environmental employed an unstructured interview, while the types of questions, indicated a â€Å"stress interview†. The firm’s management team administrated the interview by conducting a â€Å"panel interviewâ€Å".Based on the case, we had a group of five interviewers - the president of the firm, two vice presidents , the marketing director and an engineer .The reason that the management team had employed that interview administration type , was because the firm, in its organizational structure, had no Human Resource Department or an HRM team or an HR leader,who would conduct the interview or set the interview strategy. It was obvious from the case , that a member with an HRM specialization was absent from the group , thereafter, the interview process was developed ,planned ,administr ated , handled and performed by several members of the firm , who might not have any HR Management background , expertise , skills and last but not least the proper HRM training! 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Medeas Monologue by Euripides (Mother Character)

In one of the most chilling monologues in all of Greek Mythology, Medea seeks revenge against the heroic yet callous Jason (the father of her children) by killing her own offspring. Found in the play Medea by the Greek writer Euripides,  this monologue offers an alternative to the traditional female monologues found in classic literature. In the play, Medea kills her children (offstage) and then flies away on the chariot of Helios, and while many have argued that this play demonizes women, others contend that Medea represents literature’s first feminist heroine, a woman who chooses her own destiny despite the hand she was dealt by the gods. Although not the typical  mother character monologue, Madeas monologue  is deeply expressive of the difficulty and multiplicity of the emotions love, loss, and revenge, making it a truly excellent audition piece for female actors who want to convey their ability to portray a depth of complex emotions. Full Text of Medeas Monologue Taken from an English translation of the Greek play by  Shelley Dean Milman  found in The Plays of Euripides in English, vol ii, the following monologue is delivered by Medea upon discovering Jason has left her for the princess of Corinth. Upon this realization that shes been left alone, Madea attempts to take control of her own life and says: O my sons!My sons! ye have a city and a houseWhere, leaving hapless me behind, withoutA mother ye for ever shall reside.But I to other realms an exile go,Ere any help from you I could derive,Or see you blest; the hymeneal pomp,The bride, the genial couch, for you adorn,And in these hands the kindled torch sustain.How wretched am I through my own perverseness!You, O my sons, I then in vain have nurtured,In vain have toiled, and, wasted with fatigue,Suffered the pregnant matrons grievous throes.On you, in my afflictions, many hopesI founded erst: that ye with pious careWould foster my old age, and on the bierExtend me after death—much envied lotOf mortals; but these pleasing anxious thoughtsAre vanished now; for, losing you, a lifeOf bitterness and anguish shall I lead.But as for you, my sons, with those dear eyesFated no more your mother to behold,Hence are ye hastening to a world unknown.Why do ye gaze on me with such a lookOf tenderness, or wherefore smile? for theseAre your last smiles. Ah wretched, wretched me!What shall I do? My resolution fails.Sparkling with joy now I their looks have seen,My friends, I can no more. To those past schemesI bid adieu, and with me from this landMy children will convey. Why should I causeA twofold portion of distress to fallOn my own head, that I may grieve the sireBy punishing his sons? This shall not be:Such counsels I dismiss. But in my purposeWhat means this change? Can I prefer derision,And with impunity permit the foeTo scape? My utmost courage I must rouse:For the suggestion of these tender thoughtsProceeds from an enervate heart. My sons,Enter the regal mansion.  [Exuent SONS.]  As for thoseWho deem that to be present were unholyWhile I the destined victims offer up,Let them see to it. This uplifted armShall never shrink. Alas! alas! my soulCommit not such a deed. Unhappy woman,Desist and spare thy children; we will liveTogether, they in foreign realms shall cheerThy exile. No, by those avenging fiendsWho d well with Pluto in the realms beneath,This shall not be, nor will I ever leaveMy sons to be insulted by their foes.They certainly must die; since then they must,I bore and I will slay them: tis a deedResolved on, nor my purpose will I change.Full well I know that now the royal brideWears on her head the magic diadem,And in the variegated robe expires:But, hurried on by fate, I tread a pathOf utter wretchedness, and them will plungeInto one yet more wretched. To my sonsFain would I say: O stretch forth your right handsYe children, for your mother to embrace.O dearest hands, ye lips to me most dear,Engaging features and ingenuous looks,May ye be blest, but in another world;For by the treacherous conduct of your sireAre ye bereft of all this earth bestowed.Farewell, sweet kisses—tender limbs, farewell!And fragrant breath! I never more can bearTo look on you, my children. My afflictionsHave conquered me; I now am well awareWhat crimes I venture on: but rage, the causeOf woes most grievous to the human race,Over my better reason hath prevailed. Even Euripides contemporaries found the monologue and play to be shocking to the Athenian audiences at the time, though this may have stemmed more from the artistic liberties Euripides took in retelling Medeas story—the children historically were said to have been killed by the Corinthians, not by Medea—and the play itself was ranked third of three at the Dionysia Festival where it premiered in 431 B.C.

The Colors Of Racism By John Steinbeck And Of Mice And...

The Colors of Racism in Of Mice and Men The struggle of racism in America is one which has been regularized in American society. The devaluation and undermining of colored individuals has become commonplace, due to social injustice. In particular, racial discrimination prevails among African American societies due to the color of their skin, and the stereotypical notions of racial superiority that the white race illuminates. For over three-hundred years, the African American communities have been oppressed due to a mere lack of social equality and respect. Due to the precedent of slavery set before the nineteen thirties, the social conditions were deemed as horrific and unthinkable. A teeming amount of victims of racial discrimination choose to accept their discriminatory experience, while others choose to transform these insults and manifest them into an effort towards social equality. Those individuals who chose to stand up against oppression were the self-starters and doers of the twentieth century. These individuals that opposed the prejudice and ruthlessness of the racial disposition are the foundation for the coming centuries. In An Overview of Of Mice and Men, Kevin Attell suggests that Crook s acceptance of his inferiority among his counterparts, is what garners a substantial amount of incivility and vulgarity within the realms of ranch, due to social injustice. Crook’s acceptance of his inferiority to his white counterparts is what further drives theShow MoreRelatedDiscrimination And Prejudice By Harper Lee And Of Mice And Men1238 Words   |  5 PagesDiscrimination and prejudice were very common acts in the early and middle 1900’s. In To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee and Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck prejudice is displayed by the acts of hate towards someone’s color of skin. People of color were the majority, that were treated unfairly. 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We’re gonna get the jack together a nd we’re gonna have a little house and a couple of acres, an’ a cow and some pigs† (Steinbeck, 14)Read MoreDiscrimination Of Mice And Men919 Words   |  4 Pages Discrimination of Mice and Men â€Å"Listen to me, you crazy bastard,† â€Å"Don t you even take a look at the bitch.In the book â€Å"Mice and Men† People in the story uses mean phases and words to use against people that is not the same as them or that does not look like them.In the quote it shines light on how people treat each other during the book and on how they act when they are near each other.In John Steinbeck s Novel Of Mice and Men, the author illustrate that peopleRead MoreJohn Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men959 Words   |  4 Pagesthey act when they are near each other. Instead of saying nice words, they bring people down in Mice and Men. Individuals in the story use mean phrases and words to use against people that are not the same as them or that doesn’t look like them. 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Loneliness is common in many peoples lives and that is also true for the lives of the characters of the book. Almost all characters in the book are lonely in one way or the other. The main characters of the book are George and Lennie. Even though these two seem to have each other, they are both lonesome in a way. Lennies mental retardation isolates him from many people. George is the only person

Homosexuality and Morality Click Now To Get Solution

Question: 1. What makes an activity, desire or pleasure sexual? Can we give a non-circular definition here? 2. Critically assess the different definitions of perversion that have been offered. Are any of these definitions correct or helpful? (Answer with reference to two or more of Nagel, Solomon, Goldman and Scruton) 3. Is sex without love somehow morally deficient? 4. What is sexual objectification? Under what circumstances (if any) might it be morally permissible? 5. Is prostitution morally permissible? Answer with reference to at least two competing moral viewpoints (e.g. liberal, Marxist, radical feminist, consequentialist, virtue ethicist, Kantian) on the topic. 6. Is masturbation morally permissible? Answer with reference to at least two competing moral viewpoints (e.g. Natural Law, consequentialist, virtue ethicist, Kantian) on the topic. 7. Is pornography morally permissible? Answer with reference to at least two competing moral viewpoints (e.g. liberal, Marxist, radical feminist, consequentialist, virtue ethicist, Kantian) on the topic. 8. Is homosexuality morally permissible? An swer with reference to at least two competing moral viewpoints (e.g. Natural Law, consequentialist, virtue ethicist, Kantian) on the topic. 9. Should same-sex marriage be legalized? Explain your answer with reference to arguments that have been offered for and against by philosophers. Answer: Homosexuality is the state of sexual desire or conduct towards a person or persons of the same sex. Homosexuality is something which is romantic and has attracted sexually to the same sex discrimination of he/she looks, with the feeling that there is nothing in the world more important than the one the person is enjoying his/her movements with. Homosexuality is somehow recorded as a controversial topic and as a different theorists have given their different viewpoints. However, a judgement on the immorality by the divine sources is flawed; it runs contrary to building modern intellectual structure and makes it difficult to predict what actions are wrong and what are right. On medical basis homosexuality is a neurotic disease which has a high tendency to overwhelm the whole personality. It is caused because of psychological disease. The immorality of homosexuality is decided on the grounds of consequentiality, where evaluation is based on general happiness and the amount of suffering it causes (Haiderl, 1999). Rationally, every that act which increase the level of personal happiness should be morally permissible and acts which bring suffering should not be morally permissible. Homosexuality is the persist pattern of romance, emotions and sexual attraction in terms of compatibility with the people of the same sex. The most common terminology used in homosexual people is gay for males and lesbian for females. The major factors used for defining homosexuality include sexual behavior, attraction and sameness. So all these factors work together in harmony There are chances that a life partner who is first attracted towards opposite sex may may later on be attracted towards a person of the same sex. So applying labels is not an accurate way to describe one sexual ability (George, 1997). Nicholas Tonti Filippini, one of the Australias leading voices in the debate on same sex marriage, claims that in some countries, the law doesnt make any discrimination among people with same sex marriages. As per such laws, everyone is free to make their choices. Children are a production of heterosexual relationships and such marriage creates children's rights. The hard fact wi th homosexual holders is that they cannot produce their own children and the children either comes from a previous relationship or by some surrogacy or technical measures. Therefore a complex array of parental relationship is set up of the birth mother, genetic, gestational (Nicholas Tonti, 2011). There are many arguments made by controversial assumptions of mixed feelings of homosexuality about the facts, that it is good or bad for the society. But decisions are made for the average person's satisfaction of discrimination and not necessarily on the basis of laws (A Schopenhauer, 1966) The Ruse is a philosopher of science who made contributions to the history and analysis of philosophical with biological science and contributed to give epistemological causes of homosexuality. Just like him, the viewers of same sex marriage have different views of union between two women and two men. Thus, this proposal denies the truth of physiological, psychological and biological differences between women and men. Human race, growth and development of the child are affected by this kind of relationship. Such types of relationships are less strong, less stable and less valuable as viewed by their friends and family. So this has an adverse effect on their health and well beings and society, including level of high mental disturbance in such couples. (Michael Ruse, 1990). Violates morality of Natural Law Aristotle the father of natural law classified the act of homosexuality as existence of both forms made up of male and female. The relationship between human beings is not just a marriage. It is the bonding which relies on human nature and thus ruled by natural law. The fundamental rule of law is to the strive for good done and elude the evil, as the law is immutable and universal it is applied to the entire race of human, equally (Hinton, 2003). Therefore sexual activity which violates the natural law should be properly governed. If homosexuality is morally permissible, it will end the humanity of preserving the genetics or species. This disturbs the natural law. This fact cannot be denied that for normal growth of a child, it should have mother and father both, but with homosexuality, child always faces difficulties in his bringing up by homosexual couples. This leads to the weakening of the overall personality development of the youth (Robin, 2006). Morality on virtue ethics Virtues are acquired qualities which are potential for the state of character and mind on the basis of moral and intellectual values. The question arises, is homosexuality immoral according to virtual ethics? According to the theorists of virtue ethics, if anything is wrongly considered as immoral, then the only result is the guilt. As per this theory, if there are reasons for considering anything as the right, at the same time there are reasons for considering it as wrong. People who dont wear their helmets may cause serious harm to themselves, but it cant be said that their action is immoral (Aranzadi, 2013). Virtually and ethically, living in a free city and in a free nation, there should be no restriction on the people and their thoughts. Major ethical theories are not philosophically wrong and are as follows (Simson, 1997): Utilarianism states that morality is achieved and guided on ground of actions. If such action brings happiness its best it should be maximized, but if it brings sadness, then it should be minimized on the benefit of cost analysis. Homosexuality does not cause any major harm to the person's sadness, but its true that it causes unprotected sex (Lewis, 2005). Utilitarianism doesnt make a difference on emotions or encourage egoism. As per this theory, it is wrong to punish or harm others to benefit yourself. To have a moral decision acceptable there is a need to take the right decision procedure to produce good results at higher level without any bad results (Mucciaroni, 2011). Categorical Imperative directs that an act of an individual should be logical and rational, so that rationality can be practiced with others also. Homosexual behavior comes up with this law by just having a sex on personal enjoyment without disrespecting or hurting anyone. If the sexual act between men and women is accepted, then it should also be be permissible for the same sex with the same reasons of enjoyment. To have an action morally permissible on the basis of the categorical imperative is that the action in the same situation should be rationally appropriate for each and everyone. If they get the satisfactory actions, then that action is morally permissible (Kriz, 1997). Aristoelian ethics, virtue has two parts, which states that an individuals personhood flourishing is the only goal that they promote and second that make habits in a way to achieve personal happiness. For action to be morally permissible in this ethics consideration is given only to the sensitivity of the situation for personal happiness. Like fighting or harming is something bad and immoral, but if its in a self defense than its satisfactory (Mooney, 2008). Stoic ethics, virtue agreed that our character, thoughts are important element for our reasons and beliefs. An irrational thought gives a wrong emotion and a rational thought gives a right emotions. Hence, any kind of sexual behavior can cause appropriate or inappropriate beliefs. As sex is a beautiful thing in the world and allow ourselves to be pleasured. Stoic theory gives the thought of all types of sufferings by judging irrational values. There is belief that homosexual behavior is perfectly virtuous in all senses. Stoic ethics, virtue is an ethics on true moral thoughts which brings an appropriate emotions and actions (OBrien, 2005) Conclusion By the argument, views, laws and virtues it is concluded that according to the ethical theories homosexuality is morally permissible. To accept it as something like a slippery slope argument which relies on the fact that one occurrence may lead to another. To achieve homosexual morally, just make strong ethical standards through which they govern our society and lives with it without any discrimination. Changes to the natural law and ethics if necessary, will make decision difficult to accept for possibilities. This may be rewarding for someone and hard for others to accept. Such homosexual people may insist for their rights more openly by feeling less shame about their sexual attractions and their lives. What is needed is the family of love and acceptance to avoid their physical and mental health problems. According to Utilitarianism this act is morally permissible if its results are more beneficial with less harm. Many philosophers found ethical virtues useful as they help to make decisions about right and wrong for various actions. It is generalized that its harm to not consider personal happiness of others if they are rational to avoid their mental and physical illness. These theories help a lot to strengthen the rational behaviors and evaluated the beliefs to make strong bonding of human life and emotional response to motivate us to promote the values for good life Biblography Eskridge, William N.,, Jr 1997, "A jurisprudence of "coming out": Religion, homosexuality, and collisions of liberty and equality in American public law", The Yale law journal, vol. 106, no. 8, pp. 2411-2474. George, R.P. 1997, "Public reason and political conflict: Abortion and homosexuality", The Yale law journal, vol. 106, no. 8, pp. 2475-2504. Haider-Markel, D. 1999, "Morality policy and individual-level political behavior: The case of legislative voting on lesbian and gay issues", Policy Studies Journal, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 735-749 Same-sex Marriage | Marriage Laws - Nicholas Tonti-Filippini2011-09-06 The metaphysics of sexual love - A Schopenhauer, EFJ Payne1966 Haider-Markel, D. Joslyn, M.R. 2008, "BELIEFS ABOUT THE ORIGINS OF HOMOSEXUALITY AND SUPPORT FOR GAY RIGHTS: AN EMPIRICAL TEST OF ATTRIBUTION THEORY", Public opinion quarterly, vol. 72, no. 2, pp. 291-310. Homosexuality: a philosophical inquiry - Michael Ruse1990 Heinze, J.E. Horn, S.S. 2009, "Intergroup Contact and Beliefs about Homosexuality in Adolescence", Journal of Youth and Adolescence, vol. 38, no. 7, pp. 937-51. Kriz, L. 1997, "Sex and the Church: Gender, Homosexuality, and the Transformation of Christian Ethics", Library Journal, vol. 122, no. 11, pp. 76. Lewis, G.B. Brooks, A.C. 2005, "A Question of Morality: Artists' Values and Public Funding for the Arts", Public administration review, vol. 65, no. 1, pp. 8-17. Mooney, C.Z. Schuldt, R.G. 2008, "Does Morality Policy Exist? Testing a Basic Assumption", Policy Studies Journal, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 199-218. Mucciaroni, G. 2011, "Are Debates about "Morality Policy"' Really about Morality? Framing Opposition to Gay and Lesbian Rights", Policy Studies Journal, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 187-216. Murphey, D.D. 1994, "Homosexuality and the principles of a free society", The Journal of Social, Political, and Economic Studies, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 105. O'Brien, J. 2005, "A Sociology of Religion and Homosexuality", Contemporary Sociology, vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 462-465. Robin, B.K. 2006, "The Deep Structure of Law and Morality", Texas Law Review, vol. 84, no. 4, pp. 877-942 Simson, M., Stuttaford, G. Zaleski, J. 1997, "One Nation, After All: What Middle-Class Americans Really Think About God, Country, Family, Poverty, Racism, Welfare, Homosexuality, Immigration, The Left, The Right, and Each Other", Publishers Weekly, vol. 244, no. 52, pp. 44. Tijsseling, A. 2010, "Lost Intimacies. Rethinking Homosexuality under National Socialism. Gender, Sexuality, Culture, Vol. 4.]", International Review of Social History, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 532-534. Aranzadi, J. 2013, "The Natural Link Between Virtue Ethics and Political Virtue: The Morality of the Market", Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 118, no. 3, pp. 487-496. Crossan, M., Mazutis, D. Seijts, G. 2013, "In Search of Virtue: The Role of Virtues, Values and Character Strengths in Ethical Decision Making", Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 113, no. 4, pp. 567-581. Dierksmeier, C. 2011, Thomas Aquinas on Justice as a Global Virtue, Social Science Research Network, Rochester. Hinton, B. 2003, "A Critical Look at Finnis's Natural Law Ethics and the Role of Human Choice", Journal of Value Inquiry, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 69. VanDrunen, D. 2008, "Review of "A Shared Morality: A Narrative Defense of Natural-Law Ethics" by Craig A. Boyd", Journal of Markets and Morality, vol. 11, no. 2.