Current problems with harm reduction and future direction

Current problems with harm reduction and future direction Any individual hoping to investigate what the problems and limitations of harm reduction are as it stands now and the direction it should go in, must be aware of the development of harm reduction as a solution to drug use. The individual will also need to further investigate the benefits and advantages of harm reduction. Five areas are particularly important when examining what the problems and limitations of harm reduction are. How harm reduction is defined and how it has developed over the past twenty-five years, the importance of harm reduction in relation to drugs and addiction, what the problems and limitations associated with harm reduction are, what the benefits and advantages associated with harm reduction are and what future direction harm reduction should go in. Each of these areas all need to be understood, with the awareness that the advantages of harm reduction far outweigh the disadvantages, allowing it to remain the one of the most important solutions for dealing with drug use and drug users. Of critical importance when examining what the problems and limitations of harm reduction are as it stands now and the direction it should go in, is to have some understanding of how harm reduction is defined and how it has developed over the past twenty-five years. Although very similar to one another, harm reduction and harm minimisation must be separated, with harm minimisation referring to Australias National Drug Strategy which includes supply reduction, demand reduction and harm reduction and harm reduction referring to programs designed to reduce harm (Australian National Council on Drugs 2004: 2). The term harm reduction itself can be defined as those policies and programs which seek to reduce or minimise the adverse health and social consequences of drug use without requiring an individual to discontinue drug use (Inciardi Harrison 1999: 3). By defining harm reduction in this way, it is able to recognise that many drug users are unwilling or unable to refrain from drug use and that there is a need to provide them with options which reduce the harms of continued use including overdose and the spread of disease (Inciardi Harrison 1999: 6). Not only does harm reduction aim at reducing the risks and harms associated with drug use it is also formulated around three central principles which have been proposed and developed by drug expert, Robert Westermeyer (Hanson et al. 2006: 534). The first is that excessive behaviours occur along a continuum of risk, in which moderate drug use has a lower risk of harm than that of extreme drug use (Hanson et al. 2006: 534). The second principal is that changing addictive behaviour is a stepwise process, complete abstinence being the final step, where in any move away from harms of drug use is a positive one (Hanson et al. 2006: 534). The final principal is that of sobriety simply isnt for everybody, which relates to the fact that some individuals are unable to cope with whatever circumstances they are in without drug use and that unfortunately drug use is a fact of life for some (Hanson et al. 2006: 534). Over the past twenty-five years, harm reduction has risen in prominence to become one of the central aspects of many drug policies and programs not only in Australia but around the world (Moore Fraser 2006: 3036). In the case of Australia harm reduction has been incorporated into the principles of harm minimisation which have been the framework for Australias National Drug Strategy since 1985 (Waller Rumball 2004: 40). Further adding to the rise in harm reductions popularity is acknowledgement that drug use and abuse is and has become a public health issue rather than a legal issue which can be solved with sanctions and prison (Inciardi Harrison 1999: 9). Not only has harm minimisation changed the way in which Australia deals with drug use and users but it has also changed many of societys attitudes and stereotypes about drug users (The Drug Prevention Network 2010). Rather society now thinks about the drug user in relationship to both the environment and circumstances in which they are using drugs and how best to reduce the harms of this drug use (The Drug Prevention Network 2010). Having gained an understanding of how harm reduction is defined and how it has developed over the past twenty- five years, the importance of harm reduction in relation to drugs and addiction can now be examined. It is also of crucial importance when examining what the problems and limitations of harm reduction are as it stands now and the direction it should go in, is to have some understanding of the importance of harm reduction in relation to drugs and addiction. The term drug itself has been best defined as being any substance which when entered or absorbed into the body may modify, alter and change one or more of its normal physical or mental functions (Cornwell Cornwell 1993: 7). The benefits of employing such a broad definition in relation to harm reduction, is that it incorporates any substances which are considered to be drugs but it also includes those which are not normally thought of as being drugs, such as food or sex as drugs, which are often perceived and understood differently within society but may also cause harm to the individual (Cornwell Cornwell 1993: 7). As the term addiction itself is rather ambiguous and difficult to define, alternate terms have often been adopted in place of or associated with addiction particularly that of drug or substance dependence which often serves to be most useful, especially in relation to harm reduction, as harm reduction may not completely eliminate the dependence (Marlatt 2002: 200). The term drug dependence has been defined as, the continual or persistent use of alcohol or other such drugs regardless of the problems related to the use of the drug, the uncontrollable and repetitive use of the drug may also result in a build up of tolerance to its effect as well as withdrawal symptoms when its use is reduced or stopped (American Psychiatric Association 2000: 192). Drug dependence can also be further expanded to incorporate the persistent desire that an individual may have to use a drug in large amounts or over extended periods, irrespective of its harmful effects (American Psychiatric Association 2000: 194). The importance of harm reduction in relation to drugs and addiction is further highlighted by the use of harm reduction methods and strategies on individuals who have become addicted to a drug (DiClemente 2006: 231). Harm reduction aims at reducing and preventing the harms of addictive drug use rather than stopping the addiction itself, although efforts to help the addict practise safer or decreased drug use may often lead to a complete abstinence from the drug (DiClemente 2006: 232). Although harm reduction methods can be controversial, they are often very effective, particularly in decreasing the spread several diseases often associated with drug use and addiction including HIV and hepatitis C (DiClemente 2006: 232). With a deeper understanding of the importance of harm reduction in relation to drugs and addiction, it can now be understood what the problems and limitations associated with harm reduction are. Furthermore it is of crucial importance when examining what the problems and limitations of harm reduction are as it stands now and the direction it should go in, is to have some understanding of what the problems and limitations associated with harm reduction are. There are several problems and limitations that are often associated with harm reduction, with the first of these being that harms are identified according to dominant middle class values (Miller 2001: 175). As harms are established according to these dominant values, they often do not take into account the values of those at greatest risk from harm, choosing rather to construct harm reduction strategies based upon the dominant values of society (Miller 2001: 176). Furthermore these same strategies are also based on cost efficiency, with economically beneficial strategies often being favoured over health or community beneficial ones (Miller 2001: 175). The next problem which will be examined is that, harm reduction often condones or encourages drug use even though it is attempting to reduce the risks (Abadinsky 2008: 417). As the main aim of harm reduction is to reduce the risks and not the use of drugs, messages may often be conveyed which condone the use of harmful drugs (Dale 2005). This criticism is particularly prevalent within school education as excessive education about the risks associated with drug use may instead create an aura of intrigue around the subject, which often appeals to a childs curiosity (Abadinsky 2008: 417). The third problem associated with harm reduction which will be examined is that, needle exchange schemes facilitate and make the transition to intravenous drug use easier and more appealing (Ghodse 2008: 264). These schemes actively provide drug users with easy access to injecting equipment, which makes the transition to injecting easier, which gives users less incentive to give up injecting and may al so persuade younger drug users to start injecting (Ghodse 2008: 265). The establishment of needle exchange facilities also create safe meeting spots for intravenous drug users, which strengthens both the social networks of users as well as the prevalence of intravenous drug use (Ghodse 2008: 265). The last problem associated with harm reduction which will be examined is that, harm minimisation fails to address the underlying reasons for drugs current legal status (Miller 2001: 173). As harm minimisation focuses on supply reduction, demand reduction and harm reduction it fails to examine the status of different drugs, choosing to rather label distinctions between them as irrelevant and unnecessary (Miller 2001: 173). Furthermore harm minimisation also fails to address the reasoning behind the massive profits which drug companies reap through the sale of drug substitutes particularly that of methadone, which indicates that the government also benefits financially from the sale of these substitutes (Miller 2001: 173). With a deeper understanding of what the problems and limitations associated with harm reduction are, it can now be understood what the benefits and advantages associated with harm reduction are. Equally, it is crucial when examining what the problems and limitations of harm reduction are as it stands now and the direction it should go in, is to have some understanding of what the benefits and advantages associated with harm reduction are. Just as there are several problems associated with harm reduction, there are also many benefits and advantages which are associated with it too, with the first of these being that harm reduction maintains a value-neutral standpoint (Keane 2003: 228). As harm reduction acknowledges that there is no ultimate solution to drug problems, pragmatic and rational strategies and solutions can be constructed and assessed through the objective calculation of consequences (Keane 2003: 228). Further adding to the value-neutrality of harm reduction is its refusal to support or oppose any view about drug use and drug users, except to the extent that its aims are based around reducing the harms of drug use (Keane 2003: 228). The next benefit which will be examined is that, needle exchange schemes are becoming more and more successful and widespread within society (Ghodse 2010: 264). Following the establishment of needle exchange schemes, their main aim is at keeping injecting drug users from sharing needles and transmitting blood bore diseases particularly that of HIV and hepatitis C (AVERT 2010). By providing injecting drug users with access to sterile equipment, they are also given access to drug treatment services (AVERT 2010). Since the implementation of needle exchange schemes within Australia, studies have found that needle sharing has decreased dramatically, with 32,000 HIV and around 100,000 hepatitis C infections being prevented in the last decade (AVERT 2010). The third benefit which will be examined is that, harm reduction is extremely cost beneficial (Petersen McBride 2002: 126). These cost benefits are particularly evidenced in relation to needle exchange schemes, as it is much cheaper and easier to implement these schemes than it is to treat people who have contracted HIV and hepatitis C (Petersen McBride 2002: 126). Harm reduction strategies also demonstrate their cost benefits through the ease in which these strategies have been adopted and implemented into the National Drug Strategy since 1985 (Inciardi Harrison 1999: 181). The last benefit associated with harm reduction which will be examined is that, education about the risks of drug use has profound and long term benefits particularly amongst children (Abadinsky 2008: 270). Education often occurs in several forms with many of these having no effect or harmful effects in the uptake of drugs, it is often education which teaches about the risks associated with drug use that have the greatest and most beneficial effect (Abadinsky 2008: 270). By educating and providing information to children about the risks of drug use, particularly those of potential health consequences, negative attitudes often develop towards drug use which deter them from using drugs (Abadinsky 2008: 270). With a deeper understanding of what the benefits and advantages associated with harm reduction are, it can now be understood what future direction harm reduction should go in. It is also of crucial importance when examining what the problems and limitations of harm reduction are as it stands now and the direction it should go in, is to have some understanding of what future direction harm reduction should go in. Although harm reduction has its problems and limitations, they are far outweighed by its benefits and advantages. In order for harm reduction to gain further strength and support it must continue in the same direction as it has been over the past twenty-five years, with an emphasis being placed upon retaining its value-neutrality where in does not support or oppose any one particular belief about drug use (Keane 2003: 228). Furthermore, in order for harm reduction remain as effective as it is, its main aim and priority must remain that of reducing the risks and consequences associated with drug use and the effect it may have on the individual and others within society (DiClemente 2006: 232). Although harm reduction must continue in the same direction, it must also gain improvement in several key areas particularly that of education about risks as well as the greater promotion of needle exchange schemes. Current education policies which aim at providing children with information and knowledge about the risks associated with drug use, often carry with them certain aspects of intrigue which appeal to a childs curiosity (Abadinsky 2008: 274). In order to improve and place a greater emphasis on education, campaigns such as just say no must be eliminated with an enhanced focus being placed upon imagery and documentaries which highlight the risks of drug use (Abadinsky 2008: 274). It is only by using imagery and presenting stories about these risks which have been experienced firsthand by many individuals, that education about the risks of drug use will improve and remove drug curiosity (Abadinsky 2008: 417). As effective as needle exchange schemes are, there is still much room for improvement, particularly in relation to the number and accessibility of these locations. The greatest downfall which faces needle exchange schemes is that they are not widely accessible throughout Australia, either because they have yet to be constructed or are unable to provide a suitable health services to injecting drug users (Hagan 2010). Government studies are also contributing to the need to increase and improve needle exchange locations, as almost 60,000 HIV and over 120,000 hepatitis C infections have been prevented over the past twenty years, which has also led to healthcare cost savings of over $1 billion (AVERT 2010). It is only by increasing and improving these facilities that the future spread of blood bore diseases will be reduced even further, as a direct result of implementing harm reduction strategies (AVERT 2010). With an understanding of what future direction harm reduction should go in, ind ividuals must remain aware that harm reduction must remain at the forefront of combating drug problems and issues, particularly in conjunction and alignment with harm minimisation. In conclusion, there are five particular areas that an individual should examine when investigating what the problems and limitations of harm reduction are as it stands now and the direction it should go in. They should gain an understanding of how harm reduction is defined and how it has developed over the past twenty-five years, along with the importance of harm reduction in relation to drugs and addiction as well as what the problems and limitations associated with harm reduction are and what the benefits and advantages associated with harm reduction are, which will allow them to understand what future direction harm reduction should go in. It is only by gaining an understanding into these areas that an individual can hope to be successful in examining what the problems and limitations of harm reduction are as it stands now and the direction it should go in.

Superstitions speech -- essays research papers

I’m doing my speech on superstitions. Wulp wish me luck, break a leg, knock on wood. Superstitions, what are they and where did they come from? Are they true are they false or is there some sort of reasoning behind them? Or are they simply just a whole lot of mumbo jumbo. I mean †¦.. awww man (meeoow) there goes a black cat man talk about bad luck it just took off with any luck that I had, (gosh darn – click fingers well lets see if its true†¦Mrs Maslen whadda ya reckon am I gonna get an A for this or what? C’mon c’mon you can tell me. Damn you cat (shake fist meeooow). Where did that superstition come from? For heavens sake how pathetic is it! Anyways for most people these are simply old wives tales and silly misconstrued stories, happenings and events. But for others these are real, they believe every word of these. For centuries people have been fascinated by these superstitions. Superstitions have bewitched, bemused and befuddled the minds of millions, billions of innocent people. Because believing superstitions is simply showing ignorance and fear of the unknown. This is why so many people have fallen into the traps and beliefs that are superstitions, taboos. These superstitions have been deeply influential in history. You look back in history and you’ll find them 600, 700 back in time. To me superstitions are simply beliefs or practices with no rational substance to them, for instance, ok a bird, if a bird flies into the house it is a sign of death. Now in all honest...

The Hexadecimal Company

The Hexadecimal Company I. Problems A. Macro 1. Company resistance to change. 2. â€Å"Us† versus â€Å"them† view of practitioners forms company’s viewpoint. B. Micro 1. Professor/external practitioner ended too soon; did not provide direction or continuity. 2. â€Å"In-group† image perpetuated by OD group. 3. President too involved in details at beginning. 4. â€Å"Internal† consulting group was mostly outsiders and not accepted by the company at large. 5. OD group had little familiarity with nature of firm (except maybe George Kessler). 6.OD program too ostentatious and too costly for company. 7. Lack of unity in purpose and techniques within OD group. 8. Kay and Indar’s isolation from others and closeness to president had negative effects in OD group. 9. Budgeting not clarified at beginning. 10. Evaluation late – 1 year later and then almost a do or die evaluation. II. Causes 1. Group too cohesive and creates images of â€Å"in-gr oup. † 2. â€Å"Fancy† atmosphere perpetrated. 3. President too involved at first. 4. Company not prepared for OD and its needs and purposes. . OD groups consisted almost entirely of outsiders. III. Systems affected 1. Structural – changing whom the OD group reports to will only confuse purpose and goals; Blake is not prepared. 2. Psychosocial – the OD group has caused at least as much antagonism as it has good results. 3. Technical – no reference to OD group’s effectiveness. 4. Managerial – too top-down thus far. 5. Goals and values – No indication that the company including top management (other than the OD group) knew or bought-in to the OD program.It was just a management training program. IV. Alternatives 1. Keep as is. 2. Put under Blake. 3. Have professor help organize and budget for OD. V. Recommendations Alternative three with central contact person and clear budget. If size of Hexadecimal allows, make OD a separate dep artment with its own vice president. Keep reporting to president but keep him personally removed from specific decisions. Also, make reports to the executive committee and gain their support. Bring several line employees into OD.

Out of Control Interview - Case Study Essay - 2620 Words

November 13,2014 Organization and HR Management The Out-of-Control Interview (Case) Case Analysis amp; Answers By Demetris Kamberis November 13,2014 Organization and HR Management The Out-of-Control Interview (Case) Case Analysis amp; Answers By Demetris Kamberis Table of Contents Case Synopsis1 Answer To Question 1 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.2 -5 Answer To Question 2 5 Answer To Question 3†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.....5 -6 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..6 Case : The out- of- Control Interview Case Synopsis The case was focused on the interview process at Apex†¦show more content†¦In the case , ‘ The out of control Interview† the management team of Apex Environmental employed an unstructured interview, while the types of questions, indicated a â€Å"stress interview†. The firm’s management team administrated the interview by conducting a â€Å"panel interviewâ€Å".Based on the case, we had a group of five interviewers - the president of the firm, two vice presidents , the marketing director and an engineer .The reason that the management team had employed that interview administration type , was because the firm, in its organizational structure, had no Human Resource Department or an HRM team or an HR leader,who would conduct the interview or set the interview strategy. It was obvious from the case , that a member with an HRM specialization was absent from the group , thereafter, the interview process was developed ,planned ,administr ated , handled and performed by several members of the firm , who might not have any HR Management background , expertise , skills and last but not least the proper HRM training! An interview is a practiceShow MoreRelatedColorectal Cancer : The Third Most Common Type Of Cancer1296 Words   |  6 PagesFurthermore, it is the fourth most dominant kind of cancer in men recorded all over the world. Consequently, CRC accounts for over a million new cases and more than half a million deaths every year. Colonoscopy allows early discovery and removal of precancerous lesions and may, therefore, effectively prevent or reduce the risk of Colorectal cancer. Although studies under hugely standardized conditions have shown that colonoscopy is linked with a 76% to 90% risk reduction of colorectal cancer in individualsRead MoreApplied Business Research and Statistics1261 Words   |  6 Pagesemployees to encourage them to utilize public transportation. To study the potential of providing this benefit, the company would like to do a survey of the workers at a company to gather information on why do or do not use public transportation for commuting to work. The company is about 25,000 people in areas where public transportation is available. You also want to find out the reasons why their choice is what it is. In this case self-administered questionnaire would be most appropriate becauseRead MoreInterview, Primary Sources, Secondary Sources And Questionnaires1512 Words   |  7 Pagesincludes the case study, interview, primary sources, secondary sources and questionnaires. To analyze and interpret their relationship with the designer, and providing the relationship of how important between these five objects and communication design. Thereby enabling the designer to know they are facing the real needs of customers, and how they connect and related to each other.Introduction This research will explain five researches terminology that includes the case study, interview, primary sourcesRead MoreQualitative And Quantitative Research Design1537 Words   |  7 Pagesdata analysis, and draw on diverse designs† (p. 183). Qualitative research design is a research method used by researchers studying human behaviors and habits. For example, a counselor generating some ideas for a new inclusion program might want to study people’s behaviors and preferences, to make sure that the inclusion program might become feasible. Quick and Hall (2011) state â€Å" The principal of informed consent ensures that research participants are not coerced or persuaded into research and thatRead MoreSwot Analysis : Voices From The Group : Violent Women s Experiences Of Intervention1669 Words   |  7 Pagesmore exploratory and do not require control or the manipulation of variables. There are several types of qualitative research approaches, for example grounded theory, phenomenological, generic inquiry, ethnography, and case studies. Non-experimental methods may include qualitative methods such as surveys, focus groups and interviews (Hacker, 2013). The purpose of this discussion is to carefully analyze the dependability and credibility of the research study titled, â€Å"Voices from the group: ViolentRead MorePsychiatric Pregnancy822 Words   |  4 Pagespsychiatric disorders among pregnant and postpartum women within the United States. This study examines data collected during the first wave of the Nationa l Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC). The NESARC was carried out by the U.S. Census Bureau under the guidance of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA). This survey was carried out through in-person interviews of 43,093 respondents in total. For the experiment at hand, the results of 453 currentlyRead MoreThe Use Of The Financial Investigation Method1695 Words   |  7 Pagesfinancial investigation method to advance the process of fraud investigation. To achieve this aim, an exploratory case study was utilised to allow the researcher conducting an in-depth investigation. This case study is carried out by exploring several fraud cases that significantly used financial investigation method in the process of investigation. According to Yin (2003), case study approach is the most suitable instrument for investigating an object or phenomenon, as it emphasises the historicalRead MoreThe Disadvantages Of Using Qualitative Interviewing1323 Words   |  6 Pagesqualitative interviews is much more time-consuming than analysing and interpreting quantitative interviews, because they are more subjective than quantitative interviews as the researcher decides which quotes or specific examples to report (Sewell: 1998). The other research method being conducted in the form of case studies has the advantages that it does not rely on sampling, as it studies a social unite in entire perspectives. It is a useful method for forming a hypothesis for further study, furthermoreRead MoreEscherichia Coli : A Public Health Issue1445 Words   |  6 Pageswere reported compared to eighteen in June 1996. These results showed a significant increase in the number of cases for residents of Michigan. The cases were found to be from all different locations in Michigan, all were different ages and both male and female. Little was known about the causes of the outbreak except it occurred at a slightly higher rate in women than men. Out of the cases, thirty-eight people interviewed who had the illness, none of them consumed ground beef, milk, were in contactRead MoreQualitative Research1369 Words   |  6 Pagescorroboration, which has also been referred to as cross-examination. †¢ Other procedures can be used to improve understanding and/or the credibility of a study. o research or inquiry audit o peer debriefing o seeking of negative cases in the field that might disconfirm interpretations Participant Observation †¢ Systematically seeks out and organizes data concerning what is being studied based on a social science theory and methodology rather than focusing on achieving a situationally defined